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Sunday, April 26, 2026

FRONT PAGE OF 1844 SIGNS OF THE TIMES (Beebe)


SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

DEVOTED TO THE OLD SCHOOL BAPTIST CAUSE.

“The sword of the Lord and of Gideon.”

VOL. XII. NEW VERNON, ORANGE COUNTY, N. Y., JANUARY 1, 1844. NO. 1.

The Signs of the Times, devoted to the cause of God and Truth, is published on or about the 1st and 15th of each month.
BY GILBERT BEEBE, editor:
To whom all communications must be addressed.
TERMS.—$1 50 per annum; or if paid in advance $1.
Five dollars, paid in advance, in current money, will secure six copies for one year.
☞ All moneys remitted to the editor by mail, in current bank notes of as large a denomination as convenient, will be at our risk.

INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME XII.

Eighteen hundred and forty-four years, according to the common register of time, have now elapsed since the angelic messenger surprised the shepherds in Jewry, with the news of a Saviour’s advent to our guilty world. A new, a glorious era was on that day begun on earth, worthy of the anthem which was sung by the heavenly choir. That Prince and Saviour’s name was brought down from heaven, announced and interpreted by an angel, because his name expressed the work which he came down from heaven to do:—“For he shall save his people from their sins.” Joy, love, and gratitude, swelled the hearts of Simeon and Anna, who long had waited to see the salvation of the Lord. Nor were these two devoted children of the Lord alone in their joys; for all who waited for the Salvation of God to come out of Zion, [partly illegible] with them, in the transporting raptures of that grand event. The Saviour came; the heavens bore record that he was the Son of God. His star appeared in the eastern sky, and the wise men were guided by it to the humble birth-place of the King of Glory. Angels amazed looked on—beheld the condescension of the blessed Redeemer. From his manger to his cross, he was treated by the religionists of that age, as his truth and his people have been by the same class, from that period to the present time. Loaded down with reproach, slandered, derided, persecuted, and blasphemed, he was a man of sorrow and acquainted with grief. To do and to suffer all that was written of him in the law, the prophets and the Psalms, were his meat and drink, until he had accomplished all his Father’s will; and then, with extended arms and bleeding heart, most solemnly declared “It is finished!” and gave up the ghost.

Sinking down under the load of the transgressions of his dearly loved people, he poured out his soul unto death,—was laid into his grave, and suffered his sepulchre to be watched by a guard of soldiers; but at the appointed morning unbarred the doors of death, and left the environs of the new tomb. Begotten from the dead, his Father recognized him, “Thou art my Son, this day have I begotten thee.” He ascended to God; he made himself known to some of those for whom he died, and gave them assurance that he was risen indeed, and become the First-fruits of them that slept. Henceforth he is seen standing in triumph upon Mount Zion as the Lamb that was slain, and saying, “I am he that was dead, and am alive; and behold I live for evermore, and have the keys of hell and death.” Who that has tasted his love, felt the application of his atoning blood, been clothed in his spotless righteousness, can contemplate his advent, his life, death, and resurrection, and exaltation to the right hand of the Majesty on high, with cold indifference, or need the revolving wheels of time to bring about the season of the year in which it is customary to interchange congratulations, or wish each other a “HAPPY NEW YEAR!”

Why should the enemies of our God, the persecutors of our Saviour Jesus Christ, the despisers of his gospel, and those who hate his people and his truth be more happy, that a new anniversary of the advent has arrived? It cannot be because, that, by the constant stream of time they are hurried on still nearer to the perdition of ungodly men; and certainly not because they feel an interest in the Saviour’s cause, but it must be regarded as an evidence of the blindness of the horrible state in which they are.

With this new year we are permitted to present our patrons with a sheet of our new volume of the Signs of the Times. We need not recapitulate all the difficulties we have had to encounter, and all the labors and toils we have been sustained under; it is sufficient for the present to say, that, “Having obtained help of God we continue.” Because our God changeth not, we are not consumed; and because his mercy endureth forever, we are encouraged to go on with our work.

At the commencement of our new volume, our brethren have a right to expect us to state what are our prospects, our views and our feelings in regard to our publication.

In regard to our prospects, we hope to be sustained, in a pecuniary point of view, by the liberality of our friends in patronizing us, by contributing as formerly to aid us in meeting the expenses of the work. We have not the ability to print and publish a sheet like this, semi-monthly, without the aid of our friends, nor do they expect it at our hands. It is for them we labor; for them we first engaged in the work, and when they think proper to withdraw their aid, the work must stop. We commenced our publication when there was no other publication of the kind in the field, and when there was not another brother of our order within our knowledge willing to hazard the expense of getting up such a publication. We advised with such brethren as we knew to be with us in sentiments, and they gave us all the encouragement they could to go on.

When the first meeting ever called by the Old School Baptists of the United States, was held at Black Rock, Baltimore co., Md., we attended, and by vote of that meeting, our publication was recommended to the favorable consideration of the Old order of Baptists throughout the country. It was exceedingly doubtful, however, at that time, whether a sufficient support could be obtained to meet one half the inevitable expense of the work: but with the assurance of our brethren that they would exert themselves to sustain us, we undertook. Our brethren redeemed their pledge, and with the assistance of our enemies, whose violent opposition led them to publish us in their minutes and other publications, and thereby advise the oppressed among them of our undertaking, we were successful in our efforts. With much hard labor, indefatigable perseverance and strict economy, we struggled through the first three or four years of our toil, encountering the most severe embarrassments, until at length we had obtained a subscription list of nearly 3,000 names, and spreading over nearly all the states and territories belonging to our country. Our paper in the mean time had been the means of making the Old order of Baptists acquainted with each other throughout the United States, and formed a defence against the inroads of religious innovations of those who bore our own name. Thousands who had felt themselves left alone and forlorn, and like the ancient prophet, had lamented that the Lord’s altars were thrown down, his prophets killed and their own lives sought for, were visited out, comforted and encouraged to buckle on their armor, and again face the enemy. From various causes, our list of subscribers is reduced to about 2,000, and of that number several hundred do not pay; some are supplied gratuitously, and others from inability or neglect, omit to forward their dues. The patronage of our order is now divided among several periodicals, which have been commenced subsequently to ours, and our opposition to certain heresies which have obtained in some sections of our wide spread country has had a tendency to circumscribe our circulation. We do not wish to be understood as complaining of the existence of other papers in the field, far from it:—if the same cause in which we are engaged is subserved, if the same important truths which we have contended for is asserted, and defended, it is of very little consequence by whom. It was not for our convenience we were induced to embark in the work, and however much our embarrassments may be increased by the multiplication of periodicals, purporting to set forth the doctrine and order of Old School Baptists, we will cheerfully hail as welcome cotemporaries, such as contend for the faith once delivered to the saints.

We feel a desire that brother Jewett may be sustained, as we feel convinced that his utmost energies are enlisted in behalf of Sion, and his periodical will exert a healthful influence on the Old School Baptist cause. The Primitive Baptist also publishes much solid truth, but (pardon us) we do think that a periodical purporting to present the doctrine of the Old School Baptists ought to be under the supervision of a member of our communion.

Of the “Western Predestinarian Baptist,” we have hitherto forborne to remark; we have only seen a very few numbers, and have not been able to form so distinct an opinion of it as we could wish. The wide spreading heresy of what is termed the “Two seed doctrine,” ought to receive no countenance from those who claim to be Old Fashioned Baptists. From the days of John the Baptist until the days of Elder Daniel Parker, the doctrine was unknown among the Baptists, and God has been considered the Creator of all things. We doubt not that many well meaning brethren have been drawn into the error, and some have withdrawn their subscriptions from our list because of our opposition to the new theory, and others because we have refused to suffer our columns to be filled with long articles written in defence of that absurd theory. We have been complained of bitterly as being unfair to oppose that theory and refuse its advocates the use of our columns for its defence. If the two seed doctrine had ever been held as a part of the faith distinguishing the Baptists of former ages, we should not feel at liberty to shut out the defence of its advocates; but as it is a new theory among those who claim to be Baptists, we treat it as we do the arminian, the Campbellite, and the Arian heresy. And if our course should subject us to the loss of all our subscribers, and in addition thereto to the loss of life itself, we cannot wink at, or in any manner, directly or indirectly, countenance what we conceive to be involved in that absurd doctrine.

We have no disposition to claim for ourself infallibility. None can be more sensible of the imperfections which mark and mar all that we say or do; but a sense of our weakness and liability to err, does not exonerate us from the responsibility resting on us to oppose what we know to be a departure from the simplicity of the gospel of Christ. Our desire is to contend only for the Faith which was once delivered to the saints, both publicly and privately, in the pulpit and through the press; but for the ability to do so we are as dependent on God as are any of our brethren.

Finally, brethren, we close this introductory address by an

APPEAL TO YOU.

Are there not many among you, who by making a little extra exertion, could double or triple the number of subscribers in your respective neighborhoods, and thereby enable us to discharge all liabilities now standing against this establishment; and greatly improve our paper; and last, but not least, greatly enlarge the number of copies supplied to indigent brethren and sisters who love to read, and have not the means to pay.

We are far from believing that it is time to throw off our armor; the enemy still comes in like a flood, and it becomes us who have taken a stand against the delusions of the times, to deport ourselves as good soldiers of the cross of our illustrious Leader, and never yield one inch of ground to the common foe. “Put yourselves in array against Babylon, round about all ye that bend the bow; shoot at her, spare no arrows,” is the word of our Commander. Let not a rag of her stolen livery remain to hide her abominable iniquity.—“Take away her battlements, for they are not the Lord’s.” And as we follow our Captain to the field of combat, let us cheer each other with words of comfort; not forgetting that we have some in our ranks who have been sorely bruised and wounded by the enemy; these need our care and sympathy, some young recruits also which the Lord is bringing in require to be drilled and encouraged. We have nothing to lose in this warfare, we have every thing to stimulate us to press forward.

“The weakest saint shall win the day,
Though hell and death obstruct the way.”
We have the assurance of our God that the saints shall triumph through the blood of the Lamb and the word of their testimony. Onward, then, ye soldiers of the cross, to victory—

“And when our General, Christ shall come,
With sound of trumpet, (not of drum,)
And we’ll march up the heavenly street
And ground our arms at Jesus’ feet.”

As for ourself, we hope that our eleven years’ campaigns have made us somewhat familiar with some of the devices of our old adversary, and some of the base trickery of his legions; we feel disposed with all the ability our Lord shall bestow, to stand to our post; and although “less than the least of all saints,” record the progress of truth, and the exposure of error.

Saturday, April 25, 2026

CIRCULAR LETTER WARWICK ASSOCIATION 1835


Circular Letter.

The Elders and Brethren composing the Warwick Ass’n., assembled at Brookfield, June 10th and 11th, 1835.—To the several Churches of which it is composed, Greeting:

Friday, April 24, 2026

A LETTER FROM ELDER SAMUEL TROTT 1835 (TROTT)




 FOR THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

Fairfax, C. H. Va. June 12, 1835.

BROTHER BEEBE, I have again to ask a place in the Signs, on a subject which some of us wish brought before those Churches that stand on Old School ground.

Thursday, April 23, 2026

Vol. 3. NEW-VERNON, ORANGE CO. N. Y. JAN 7, 1835. No. 1. (Beebe)

 


SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

DEVOTED TO THE O. S. BAPTIST CAUSE.

“The Sword of the Lord and of Gideon.”

Vol. 3. NEW-VERNON, ORANGE CO., N. Y. JAN 7, 1835. No. 1.

The Signs of the Times, devoted exclusively to the OLD-SCHOOL BAPTIST CAUSE, is published semi-monthly.

GILBERT BEEBE, Editor.
To whom all Communications must be addressed.
For Terms see advertisement under the editorial Head.

Wednesday, April 22, 2026

FALSE DOCTRINE, DEVILS & FALSE SYSTEMS (Flint)


FOR THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

Butler, County, Ohio
Feb. 10, 1835.

ELDER BEEBE: Having been a subscriber and a faithful reader of the second volume of the Signs of the Times, I have found them to support, maintain, and defend the doctrine of the Gospel as it was first delivered to the saints, and as such, I can recommend it to my Brethren. I cannot but view it as a publication of peculiar advantage to the Church of Christ, whose faith it is labouring to defend.

Tuesday, April 21, 2026

 


FOR THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

Hopewell, Oct. 30, 1835.

Bro. Beebe: There is considerable commotion in these parts concerning matters of religion. The New School Baptists are holding protracted or distracted meetings, accomplishing front-bench conversions.

Monday, April 20, 2026

THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT! (Haynes)


FOR THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

“And Elisha came again to Gilgal, and there was a dearth in the land, and the sons of the prophets were sitting before him: and he said unto his servant, Set on the great pot, and seeth pottage for the sons of the prophets; and one went out into the field to gather herbs, and found a wild vine and gathered thereof, wild gourds his lap full, and came and shred them into the pot of potage: for they knew them not. So they poured out for the men to eat: and it came to pass, as they were eating of the pottage, that they cried out, and said, O thou man of God, there is death in the pot; and they could not eat thereof; but he said, Then bring meal. And he cast it into the pot; and he said, Pour out for the people, that they may eat. And there was no harm in the pot.”—2 Kings, iv. 38, 41.

Sunday, April 19, 2026

RESURRECTION OF THE DEAD EDITORIAL NEW VERNON NY, NOVEMBER 1, 1846 (Beebe)


 EDITORIAL.

NEW VERNON, N. Y., NOVEMBER 1, 1846.

THE RESURRECTION OF THE DEAD.

Williamsport, Ten., Oct. 9, 1846.

Saturday, April 18, 2026

THE SABBATH EXAMINED. [BY ELDER JOHN LELAND.]

 
THE SABBATH EXAMINED.

[BY ELDER JOHN LELAND.]

I have never been able to find out on what part of the globe the Garden of Eden was planted. Geography gives no account of a spot whence four rivers take their rise. It is, therefore, most likely that the flood so changed the bed of rivers that no such place exists. If it were at or near one of the poles, one entire day was as long as three hundred and sixty-five days are in the middle regions: of course, God was six of our years in creating and forming the heavens and earth; and all things therein, and thus ceased from his work the following year.

Tuesday, April 14, 2026

EDITORIAL. NEW VERNON, N. Y., JUNE 15, 1846. AN EVANGELIZED ZEAL! (Beebe)


EDITORIAL.

NEW VERNON, N. Y., JUNE 15, 1846.

AN EVANGELIZED ZEAL!

Little indeed do the contributors to the pecuniary capital of modern missionism know the wanton use that is made of their liberality by hirelings, by them employed to enlighten the dark corners of the earth. Occasionally, however, they are startled by “awful disclosures” made by individuals who have opportunity to know, and honesty to disclose the extravagance of Foreign Missionaries. Not long since, the Baptist Missionary, Weston, published an account of the missionary operations in Jamaica; in which, we were informed of the “Ticket system;” by which operation some missionaries were realizing, in addition to their salaries from their respective boards, from $6,000 to $6,500 per annum. And so far as we can learn from any responsible source, it is very little better in any other quarter. From Missionary Reports which have been constantly paraded through the papers, throughout our country, of the wonderful success of the mission, enterprise in the Sandwich Islands, of the number of converts immersed and baptized, &c., the confiding community are but illy prepared for the following disclosures which we copy from a late work, published in New York and London in two volumes which may be had at 23 cents per volume of Wiley & Putnam, 161 Broadway New York. The account is given by Herman Melville, after having resided four months in the valley of the Marquesas.

The extract which we make, shows that the disclosures made is not attributable to any hostility felt by the writer to the missionary doctrines, as he is a believer in the efficiency of missionary operations when conducted on different principles. The length of our extract, makes it inexpedient that we should accompany it with very extensive comments. It speaks for itself; and, lest those zealous missionaries, should charge us with fabricating the report, as they did that of Weston’s account of the Jamaica mission, we have in the above referred the reader to the publishing house in Broadway, New York, where the work from which we make the extract, can be procured. The following is taken from volume ii. pages 243—254. The title of the Book is “Typee: A peep at Polynesian life, during a four months residence in the Marquesas, &c.; by Herman Melville.”

“Ill-fated people! I shudder when I think of the change a few years will produce in their paradisaical abode; & probably when the most destructive vices, and the worst attendances on civilization, shall have driven all peace and happiness from the valley, the magnanimous French will proclaim to the world that the Marquesas Islands have been converted to Christianity! and this the Catholic world will doubtless consider as a glorious event. Heaven help the ‘Isles of the Sea!’—The sympathy which Christendom feels for them, has, alas! in too many instances proved their bane.

How little do some of these poor islanders comprehend when they look around them, that no inconsiderable part of their disasters originate in certain tea-party excitements, under the influence of which benevolent-looking gentlemen in white cravats solicit alms, and old ladies in spectacles, and young ladies in sober russet gowns, contribute sixpences towards the creation of a fund, the object of which is to ameliorate the spiritual condition of the Polynesians, but whose end has almost invariably been to accomplish, their temporal destruction!

Let the savages be civilized, but civilize them with benefits, and not with evils; and let heathenism be destroyed, but not by destroying the heathen. The Anglo-Saxon have exterminated Paganism from the greater part of the North American continent; but with it they have likewise extirpated the greater portion of the Red race. Civilization is gradually sweeping from the earth the lingering vestiges of Paganism, and at the same time the shrinking forms of its unhappy worshippers.

Among the islands of Polynesia, no sooner are the images overturned, the temples demolished, and the idolators converted into nominal Christians, than disease, vice, and premature death make their appearance. The depopulated land is then recruited from the rapacious hordes of enlightened individuals who settle themselves within its borders, and clamorously announce the progress of the Truth. Next villages, trim gardens, shaven lawns, spires, and cupolas arise while the poor savage soon finds himself an interloper in the country of his fathers, and that too on the very site of the hut where he was born. The spontaneous fruits of the earth, which God in his wisdom had ordained for the support of the indolent natives, mercilessly seized upon and appropriated by the stranger, are devoured before the eye of the starving inhabitant, or sent on board the numerous vessels which now touch at their shores.

When the famished wretches are cut off in this manner from their natural supplies, they are told by their benefactors to work and earn their support by the sweat of their brow! But to no fine gentleman born to hereditary opulence does the manual labor come more unkindly than to the luxurious Indian when thus robbed of the bounty of heaven. Habituated to a life of indolence, he cannot and will not exert himself; and want, disease, and vice, all evils of foreign growth, soon terminate his miserable existence.

But what matters all this? Behold the glorious result!—The abominations of Paganism have given way to the pure rites of the Christian worship—the ignorant savage has been supplanted by the refined European! Look at Honolulu, the metropolis of the Sandwich Islands!—A community of disinterested merchants, devoted self-exiled heralds of the Cross, located on the very spot that twenty years ago was defiled by the presence of idolatry. What a subject for an eloquent Bible-meeting orator! Nor has such an opportunity for a display of missionary rhetoric been allowed to pass unimproved!—But while these philanthropists send us such glowing accounts of one half of their labors why does their modesty restrain them from publishing the other half of the good they have wrought!—Not until I visited Honolulu was I aware of the fact that the small remnant of the natives had been civilized into draught-horses, and evangelized into beasts of burden. But so it is. They have been literally broken into the traces, and are harnessed to the vehicles of their spiritual instructors like so many dumb brutes.

Among a multitude of similar exhibitions that I saw, I shall never forget a robust, red-faced, and very lady-like personage, a missionary’s spouse, who day after day for months together took her regular airing in a little go-cart drawn by two of the islanders, one an old grey-headed man, and the other a roguish stripling, both being, with the exception of the fig-leaf, as naked as when they were born. Over a level piece of ground this pair of draught bipeds would jog with a shambling, ungainly trot, the youngster hanging back all the time like a knowing horse, while the old hack plodded on and did all the work.

Rattling along through the streets of the town in this stylish equipage, the lady looks about her as magnificently as any queen driven in state to her coronation. A sudden elevation, and a stony road, however, soon disturb her serenity. The small wheels become embedded in the loose soil,—the old stager stands tugging and sweating, while the young one frisks about and does nothing; not an inch does the chariot budge. Will the tender-hearted lady, who has left friends and home for the good of the souls of the poor heathen, will she think a little about their bodies and get out, and ease the wretched old man until the ascent is surmounted? Not she: she could not dream of it. To be sure she used to think nothing of driving the cows to pasture on the old farm in New England; but times have changed since then. So she remains in her seat and bawls out, “Hookee! hookee!” (pull, pull.) The old gentleman, frightened at the sound, labors away harder than ever; and the younger one makes a great show of straining himself, but takes care to keep one eye on his mistress in order to know when to dodge out of harm’s way. At last the good lady loses all patience; so “Hookee! hookee!” and rap goes the brawny handle of her huge fan over the naked skull of the old savage; while the young one skips to one side and keeps beyond its range. “Hookee! hookee!” again she cries—“Hookee tin bannaka!” (pull strong, man,)—but all in vain, and she is obliged in the end to dismount, and sed necessity, actually to walk to the top of the hill.

At the town where this paragon of humility resides, is a spacious and elegant American chapel, where divine service is regularly performed. Twice every Sabbath towards the close of the exercise may be seen a score or two of little wagons ranged along the railing in front of the edifice, with one or two native footmen of the congregation to draw their superiors home.

Least the slightest misconception should arise from anything thrown out in this chapter, or indeed in any other part of the volume, let me here observe that against the cause of missions in the abstract no Christian can possibly be opposed; it is in truth a just and holy cause. But if the great end proposed by it be spiritual, the agency employed to accomplish that end is purely earthly; and, although the object in view be the achievement of much good, that agency may nevertheless be productive of evil. To abort missionary undertakings, however it may be blessed of Heaven, is in itself but human; and subject, like everything else, to errors and abuses. And have not errors and abuses crept into the most sacred places, and may there not be unworthy or incapable missionaries abroad, as well as ecclesiastics of a similar character at home? May not the unworthiness or incapacity of those who assume apostolic functions upon the remote islands of the sea more easily escape detection by the world at large than if it were displayed in the heart of a city? An unwarranted confidence is the security of its apostles—a proneness to regard them as incapable of guilt—and an impatience of the least suspicion as to their rectitude as men or Christians, have ever been prevailing faults in the Church. Nor is this to be wondered at; for subjects as Christianity is to the mass of unexperienced men, we are naturally disposed to regard everything like an exposure of ecclesiastical misconduct as the offspring of malevolence or irreligious feeling. Not even this last consideration, however, shall deter me from the honest expression of my sentiments.

There is something apparently wrong in the practical operations of the Sandwich Islands Mission. Those who from pure religious motives, contribute to the support of this enterprise, should take care to ascertain that their donations, flowing through many devious channels, at last effect their legitimate object, the conversion of the Hawaiians. I urge this, not because I doubt the moral probity of those who disburse these funds, but because I know that they are not rightly applied. To read pathetic accounts of missionary hardships, and glowing descriptions of conversion, and baptisms taking place beneath palm-trees is one thing; and to go to the Sandwich Islands and see the missionaries dwelling in picturesque and prettily-furnished coral-rock villas, whilst the miserable natives you see committing all sorts of immorality around them, is quite another.

In justice to the missionaries, however, I will willingly admit that whatever evils may have resulted from their collective mismanagement of the business of the mission, and from the want of vital piety evinced by some of their number, still the present deplorable condition of the Sandwich Islands is by no means wholly chargeable against them. The demoralizing influence of a dissolute foreign population, and the frequent visits of all descriptions of vessels, have tended not a little to increase the evils alluded to. In a word, here, as in every case where civilization has in any way been introduced among those whom we call savages, she has scattered her vices, and withheld her blessings.

As wish a man as Shakspeare has said, that the bearer of evil tidings hath but a losing office; and so I suppose will it prove with me, in communicating to the trusting friends of the Hawaiian Mission what has been disclosed in various portions of this narrative. I am persuaded, however, that as these disclosures will by their very nature attract attention, so they will lead to something which will not be without ultimate benefit to the cause of Christianity in the Sandwich Islands.

I have but one thing more to add in connection with this subject—these things which I have stated as facts will remain facts, in spite of whatever the bigotted or incredulous may say or write against them. My reflections, however on these facts may not be free from error. If such be the case, I claim no further indulgence than should be conceded to every man whose object is to do good.”

Monday, April 13, 2026

ELDER C.B. HASSELL IN THE SIGNS 1835


FOR THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

NUMBER 3.

For I am persuaded that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.—Paul.

Saturday, April 11, 2026

SRAPS


FOR THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

BROTHER BEEBE:—The following remarks are submitted for your publication, if you consider them worthy.

For the earth bringeth forth fruit of herself; first the blade, then the ear, after that the full corn in the ear: Mark iv. 23.

Friday, April 10, 2026

RELIGIOUS MISCELLANY. TRIBUTE TO ROGER WILLIAMS. (Signs of the Times 1833)


We extract the following beautiful passage from the first volume of Bancroft’s History of the United States, just published by Mr. Chas. Bowen, of this city.

Tuesday, April 7, 2026

“THE ADVANTAGES OF SABBATH SCHOOLS” EXAMINED. 2 (Vail)

 


NEW-VERNON, ORANGE COUNTY, NEW-YORK. JUNE 18, 1834.

GILBERT BEEBE, EDITOR.
To whom all Communications must be addressed.

COMMUNICATIONS.

For the Signs of the Times.

“THE ADVANTAGES OF SABBATH SCHOOLS”
EXAMINED.

“We to the rebellious children, saith the Lord that take counsel, but not of me; and that cover with a covering, but not of my Spirit, that they may add sin to sin: That walk to go down into Egypt, and have not asked at my mouth, to strengthen themselves in the strength of Pharaoh, and to trust in the shadow of Egypt.” Isa. xxx, 1, 2.

Sunday, April 5, 2026

FOR THE SIGNS (Vaill)

 


FOR THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

BROTHER BEEBE:—There is published at Hartford, Ct. a paper called the “Christian Secretary,” and is “under the patronage of the Connecticut Baptist Convention.”

Saturday, April 4, 2026

AN OUTCAST


BROTHER BEEBE:—I have often been struck, at the professed Ministers of this our day who are crying up human effort and human means for advancing the Kingdom of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ; believing that if they had been taught the first lesson in Grace, which is the shutting up of ones mouth, and had known what it is to be shut up in prison, and had known experimentally what a real spirit of bondage was; they would rather sit in eternal silence than thus to prate like a parrot, and cut out work enough for others, but perform no part of it themselves, yet by the bye, look at the activity and fleshly sincerity of such characters;—Hark! how they can mimick the child of God, & with what vehemence they preach their Gospel.

Thursday, April 2, 2026

THE CHURCH OF ROME (Vail)


FOR THE SIGNS OF THE TIMES.

BROTHER BEEBE:—The following is a parody on a communication published in the New York Observer—signed M. S. or a translation from the original partial religion of the Roman Church, alias, Benevolent Societies of the day, into the true impartial religion taught in the Bible.

Wednesday, April 1, 2026

Eldefr Samuel Trott on Predestination (Trott) 1834 Signs


To whom all Communications must be addressed. COMMUNICATIONS. For the Signs of the Times. Absolute Predestination of all things. No. 1. This sentiment, as expressed in the Prospectus of the “Signs of the Times,” has called forth so much invective from some, and so much ridicule from others of the popular Baptists of this region that one would conclude some strange and absurd idea had been advanced; some absurd whim daringly promulgated as a part of the secret things of God. It, therefore, may not be amiss to re-examine the subject and enquire whether it be a revealed truth of God, or a visionary notion of man, which is calling forth such malicious sneers from those who profess to be the servants of God.

Tuesday, March 31, 2026

Abel Morgan Biography

Title: Abel Morgan: Welsh Baptist Minister, Scholar, and Pioneer in Colonial America Slug: abel-morgan-welsh-baptist-minister Labels: Abel Morgan, Baptist History, Welsh Baptists, Church History, Colonial America, Biography, Theology SEO Description: Abel Morgan’s life and ministry shaped Welsh Baptist identity and helped strengthen early Baptist life in colonial America through preaching, translation, and church leadership.

Excerpt: Abel Morgan was a Welsh Baptist minister whose life bridged the nonconformist struggles of Wales and the formative years of Baptist life in colonial America. His ministry, translations, and organizational leadership left a durable mark on Welsh Baptist identity and early American Baptist development.

Abel Morgan (1673–1722) was a Welsh Baptist minister renowned for his pastoral leadership, scholarly contributions to Welsh religious literature, and role in establishing Baptist congregations in colonial America. [1] [2]

Born in 1673 at Allt-goch, Cwrtnewydd, in the parish of Llanwenog, Cardiganshire, Wales, Morgan was the son of Morgan Rhydderch, a deacon at the Rhydwilym Baptist church, and brother to Enoch Morgan, who later pastored the Welsh Tract Church in Delaware. [1] [2] From an early age, he joined the Baptist church at Llanwenarth in the Abergavenny district, where he began preaching in 1692 at the age of 19. [1] By 1696 or 1697, he accepted a call to pastor the church at Blaenau Gwent in Monmouthshire, though he was not formally ordained until 1700. [1] [2] Influenced by the Calvinistic theology and Puritan sentiments of 17th-century Welsh Baptist pioneers, Morgan emphasized Reformed doctrine, congregational singing, expositional preaching, and strict church discipline during his ministry in Wales. [2]

In September 1711, Morgan emigrated to America at the invitation of his brother Enoch, enduring a perilous 22-week voyage that claimed the lives of his first wife, Priscilla Powell, and their infant son; he arrived in Philadelphia on February 14, 1712. He had a son and daughter from his first marriage. [1] [2] He soon became the sixth pastor of the Pennepek Baptist Church (also known as Lower Dublin), the oldest surviving Baptist congregation in Pennsylvania, founded in 1688, resolving internal divisions through his leadership and serving until his death. [2] As an itinerant preacher, he organized churches in southeast Pennsylvania, Delaware valleys, and New Jersey, including establishing a congregation at Cape May, and contributed to the Philadelphia Baptist Association (PBA), the first such body in America, founded in 1707, by promoting ministerial education and associational cooperation. [2]

Morgan married twice more after arriving in America: first to Martha Burrows in November 1714 (who died the following October), and then to the widow Judith Gooding (née Griffiths) in 1717, with whom he had four children. [1] [2] His scholarly output preserved Welsh Baptist traditions amid English assimilation; he translated the Westminster Shorter Catechism and the Century Confession (based on the 1689 London Confession) into Welsh, drafted church covenants, and produced Cyd-goriad Egwyddorawl o'r Scrythurau (1730), the first Biblical concordance in Welsh and the second Welsh book printed in the United States, published posthumously by his brother Enoch. [1] [2] These works advanced Calvinistic ecclesiology, family catechizing, and doctrinal instruction among Welsh immigrants. [2]

Morgan died on December 16, 1722, in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, at age 49, and was buried at the Pennepack Baptist Church Cemetery before his remains were reinterred at Mount Moriah Cemetery. [1] [2] His legacy endures through his family's continued ministerial roles, including his nephew Abel Morgan Jr., and his foundational influence on American Baptist organization, evangelism, and confessional standards, including elements of the 1742 Philadelphia Confession derived from his manuscripts. [2]

Early Life in Wales

Birth and Family Origins

Abel Morgan was born in 1673 at Allt-goch, Cwrtnewydd, in the parish of Llanwenog, Cardiganshire, Wales. [1] His father, Morgan Rhydderch (also known as Morgan Roderick), was a prominent figure in the local Baptist community, having united with the Rhydwilym Baptist church during a period of violent persecutions and been elected deacon there in 1668, with ordination following in 1669. [3] Morgan Rhydderch's early death around 1680 left his widow, Jane, to remarry John Griffith, who became stepfather to Abel and his siblings, including younger brother Enoch Morgan (born 1676). [4]

The Morgan family exemplified the Nonconformist Baptist heritage in 17th-century Wales, descending from a line of religious leaders influenced by Puritan sentiments and Calvinistic theology. [2] Rhydwilym, established in 1668 under William Jones, represented a key hub for early Welsh Baptists practicing close communion and adherence to the 1689 Second London Confession of Faith, amid broader associations linking churches across South Wales. [2] This familial commitment to Baptist principles occurred against the backdrop of post-Restoration religious tensions, including the enforcement of the Act of Uniformity (1662) and Conventicle Act (1664), which suppressed dissenting worship and prompted many Nonconformists to convene secretly in rural settings. [3]

In rural Cardiganshire, a region dominated by pastoral agriculture, families like the Morgans balanced modest farming livelihoods with devout religious observance, fostering an environment where early exposure to Baptist preaching shaped young lives. [1]

Religious Education and Influences

Abel Morgan's early religious formation was deeply rooted in the nonconformist Baptist traditions of Wales, shaped primarily through his family's longstanding ties to local churches. His father, Morgan Rhydderch, served as a deacon at the Rhydwilym Baptist church from 1668 and was ordained in 1669, providing Morgan with informal immersion in Baptist principles from childhood in Cardiganshire. [1] This environment exposed him to core doctrines such as Calvinistic theology and the 1689 Second London Confession of Faith, which the Rhydwilym Association emphasized by requiring churches to affirm it biannually. [2]

Upon moving to the Abergavenny district in his youth, Morgan joined the Baptist church at Llanwenarth, where he encountered influential figures and communities upholding Welsh nonconformist theology amid growing religious tensions. The church, part of the broader network of Particular Baptist congregations, reinforced practices like believer's baptism and church covenants, drawing from seventeenth-century pioneers such as John Miles and Jenkin Jones. These influences fostered his commitment to Baptist ecclesiology, including close communion and local church autonomy, within a family legacy that included his brother Enoch, who later became a minister. [1]

Around age 19 in 1692, Morgan underwent a personal conversion that led to his baptism and deepened dedication to Baptist convictions, marking the onset of his spiritual maturity before formal ministry. [2] This awakening aligned with the fervent, Puritan-influenced piety of Welsh Baptists, solidifying his rejection of infant baptism in favor of adult immersion as a public testimony of faith. [2]

Ministry and Persecution in Wales

Ordination and Early Preaching

Abel Morgan began his preaching career in the early 1690s as a young member of the Baptist church at Llanwenarth, near Abergavenny in Monmouthshire, where he delivered initial sermons emphasizing nonconformist principles and the authority of scripture within Welsh Baptist communities. [1] Born in Llanwenog, Cardiganshire, Morgan's early ministry drew on his familial ties to nonconformist traditions, as his father, Morgan Rhydderch, had been ordained in the Baptist church at Rhydwilym in 1669. [1]

By 1696, Morgan received a call to serve the newly formed Baptist congregation at Blaenau Gwent in Monmouthshire, marking a significant step in his formal ministry among small, scattered Welsh Baptist groups. [5] His ordination as a Baptist minister occurred in 1700, solidifying his role as a preacher focused on scriptural exposition and the defense of Baptist doctrines amid broader religious nonconformity in Wales. [1]

During this period, Morgan established key connections within the Welsh Baptist network, which helped elevate his standing in Baptist leadership and facilitated collaborative efforts in preaching and church organization across Monmouthshire congregations. [6] These early assignments involved itinerant preaching at modest gatherings, where he addressed themes of personal faith, scriptural fidelity, and communal resilience in the face of nonconformist challenges. [1]

Challenges Under Welsh Laws

As a Baptist minister in late 17th- and early 18th-century Wales, Abel Morgan operated amid severe religious restrictions imposed by the established Church of England, particularly through the Act of Uniformity (1662), which required all ministers to conform to Anglican practices and ejected nonconformists from parishes, and the Conventicle Act (1664), which prohibited gatherings of more than five people for worship outside the Anglican framework. These laws led to widespread fines, imprisonment, and property seizures for Baptists, who were targeted for their practices of believer's baptism by immersion and unlicensed preaching; enforcement was especially harsh during the Restoration period under Charles II (1660–1685), resulting in threats of violence and forced secrecy for nonconformist assemblies.

Morgan's congregations, including Llanwenarth Baptist Church (established 1652) where he served as an assistant preacher, and Blaenau Gwent (a branch from Llanwenarth established around 1660, with early meetings at sites like Tŷ Nest Llewellyn, where he became pastor following his 1696 call), endured direct harassment from Anglican authorities. [7] [8] Members were frequently dragged before magistrates for participating in nonconformist meetings, with surveillance by local clergy and officials in Monmouthshire, where Morgan preached, intensifying scrutiny and compelling the group to hold worship in private homes, fields, woods, and mountains to evade raids and arrests. Records of personal fines or imprisonment for Morgan himself are not detailed.

Despite these adversities, Welsh Baptists demonstrated remarkable resilience, sustaining underground networks of preachers and safe houses to preserve their faith, a context in which Morgan played a key role by traveling extensively to preach and support scattered congregations in Monmouthshire and beyond. His efforts helped maintain unity and growth, as seen in the expansion of Blaenau Gwent under his leadership, where he was "very well received and much respected" amid ongoing threats; these networks involved shifting meeting locations weekly, posting sentinels, and avoiding singing to prevent detection, enabling Baptists to baptize new members and organize despite the legal prohibitions. Morgan's farewell charge to Blaenau Gwent in 1711 emphasized perseverance in doctrine and mutual support, reflecting the enduring spirit of resistance that carried into his later American ministry.

Emigration to America

Motivations and Journey

Abel Morgan's decision to emigrate from Wales to America in 1711 was driven by the broader context of religious persecution faced by nonconformist Baptists in Wales, where strict laws under the Church of England limited their ability to worship freely and preach openly. As a prominent Baptist minister, Morgan sought a more tolerant environment for his faith, aligning with the wave of Welsh Baptist migrations to Pennsylvania, which promised political and spiritual liberty under William Penn's Quaker-influenced colony. Additionally, invitations from established Welsh Baptist communities in America, including a formal call in 1709 from the Pennepek Baptist Church near Philadelphia—verified through correspondence with Pennsylvania acquaintances—played a key role in his resolve, encouraging him to relocate with his congregation's blessing from Blaenau Gwent in Monmouthshire. [2] [1]

Morgan departed from Bristol, England, in late September 1711 aboard an unnamed vessel bound for Philadelphia, accompanied by his wife Priscilla Powell, their infant son, and young daughter Jane, as part of a group of Welsh Baptists fleeing similar hardships. The transatlantic crossing lasted approximately eleven weeks of active sailing, though the total journey extended to about twenty-two weeks due to repeated delays from adverse weather, including a stop in Ireland, during which the ship twice sought safe harbor. Traveling with family and fellow believers underscored the communal nature of the migration, building on earlier Welsh Baptist settlements like the one his brother Enoch helped establish in 1701 at the Welsh Tract in Delaware. [2] [1] [9]

The voyage proved perilous, marked by relentless storms that battered the ship and exposed passengers to the era's typical transatlantic hazards, including disease, malnutrition, and the constant threat of shipwreck. Tragically, Morgan's wife and infant son succumbed to the rigors of the journey, likely due to illness exacerbated by the harsh conditions, leaving him to arrive in Philadelphia on February 14, 1712, widowed and grieving with his daughter Jane amid the relief of reaching American shores. Such challenges were emblematic of the high risks borne by early 18th-century emigrants, where mortality rates on similar crossings often exceeded 10-20 percent. [2] [1]

Arrival and Initial Settlement

Abel Morgan arrived in Philadelphia on February 14, 1712, following a protracted and storm-battered voyage that began in September 1711 and lasted over five months with multiple harbor stops. [2] [1] During the journey, Morgan endured profound personal losses, including the deaths of his first wife, Priscilla Powell, and their infant son, leaving him to continue with his young daughter Jane. [2] [10]

Upon landing, Morgan was welcomed into the close-knit Welsh Baptist communities that had taken root in the region over the preceding decade, bolstered by earlier immigrants who had fled religious persecution in Wales. [2] His brother Enoch, who had arrived in Philadelphia in September 1701 aboard the ship James and Mary as part of a group of sixteen Welsh settlers led by Rev. Thomas Griffith, provided a vital familial anchor; Enoch had initially settled in the Pennepek area before relocating to the Welsh Tract near New Castle, Delaware, eighteen months later, where he became a preacher and pastor. [2] [10] These networks, comprising both Baptist and broader Welsh immigrant families, offered immediate support amid the challenges of colonial establishment. [2]

Morgan's initial settlement occurred in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he quickly established connections with the Pennepek Baptist Church, joining as a member amid its internal disputes and contributing to its stabilization through his preaching and counsel, drawing on the Welsh traditions of expositional ministry and church discipline familiar to the congregation's scattered Welsh membership. [2] He maintained ties to the Welsh Tract area through his brother Enoch and other kin. This early integration laid the groundwork for his sustained involvement in the Philadelphia Baptist Association, fostering unity among dispersed congregations in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and New Jersey. [2]

American Ministry and Contributions

Pastoral Roles in Pennsylvania

Upon his arrival in Pennsylvania in February 1712, Abel Morgan assumed the role of pastor at the Pennepek Baptist Church (also known as the Lower Dublin Baptist Church), located near Philadelphia, succeeding earlier leaders including the church's founder, Elias Keach. [2] [11] This appointment, which followed a call extended to him in 1709, addressed ongoing leadership disputes within the congregation and marked the beginning of his decade-long tenure until his death in 1722. [1] As the oldest surviving Baptist church in Pennsylvania, founded in 1688, Pennepek served a scattered membership drawn from Welsh immigrants and local settlers across eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, with collective meetings held only biannually. [2]

Morgan's daily ministerial duties centered on preaching the Word with expository fervor, delivering sermons in both Welsh and English to preserve cultural and doctrinal ties for the immigrant community while reaching English-speaking members. [2] He administered key ordinances such as believer's baptism by immersion and the laying on of hands, emphasizing Baptist distinctives like church covenants, psalm-singing, and anointing the sick with oil. [2] Additionally, he provided pastoral counseling through guidance on church discipline, mutual faithfulness, and ministerial support, helping to foster unity and doctrinal purity amid the challenges of frontier life. [2]

Beyond Pennepek, Morgan expanded his influence by assisting at the First Baptist Church of Philadelphia, organized in 1698 but still linked to Pennepek until 1746, where he supported immigrant integration by promoting Welsh Baptist customs and resolving inter-church tensions. [2] [12] His itinerant preaching extended to nearby areas in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, including Hopewell and Montgomery, aiding in the establishment of daughter congregations and reinforcing community bonds for new arrivals. [2]

Role in Baptist Organization

Abel Morgan played a significant role in the early development and strengthening of Baptist organizational structures in colonial America, particularly through his leadership in the Philadelphia Baptist Association (PBA), the first sustained Baptist association in the New World, established in 1707. Arriving in Pennsylvania in 1712, Morgan quickly became involved in resolving internal disputes at the Pennepek Baptist Church via PBA mediation, serving as its pastor from 1712 until his death and helping to stabilize it as a central hub for the association's activities. He promoted associational governance modeled on Welsh Baptist traditions, emphasizing advisory cooperation among churches to maintain local autonomy while fostering doctrinal unity and mutual support, such as in itinerant preaching and church planting efforts in regions like Cape May, New Jersey, and Hopewell, Pennsylvania. As a frequent moderator of PBA meetings, Morgan advocated for "regularity" in church order, influencing the association's shift toward terms like "advice" and "mutual agreement" over more authoritative language in handling disputes. [13] [2]

Morgan's writings further advanced Baptist unity amid the challenges of a diverse colonial landscape dominated by Quakers in Pennsylvania. He drafted confessional documents, including a Welsh adaptation of the Century Confession (based on the 1689 Second London Confession with additions on practices like laying on of hands and psalm singing), which members of the Welsh Tract Church signed and which informed the PBA's 1742 Philadelphia Confession of Faith. These works, along with circular letters contributed to PBA minutes, promoted Calvinistic theology and countered emerging Arminian influences, helping to solidify orthodox Baptist identity across scattered congregations. Additionally, Morgan translated the Westminster Shorter Catechism into Welsh to encourage family-based religious education, reinforcing doctrinal cohesion in immigrant communities. [13] [2]

In mentoring emerging leaders, Morgan emphasized the cultivation of ministerial gifts, directing PBA churches in 1722 to identify promising young men for advanced training, such as at Thomas Hollis's academy, which laid foundational steps for Baptist education in America. He particularly influenced his nephew, Abel Morgan Jr. (1713–1785), who followed family tradition by becoming a prominent Regular Baptist pastor at Middletown Church and continuing advocacy for Welsh Baptist orthodoxy. Morgan also championed Welsh-language services to preserve cultural and religious heritage among immigrants, preaching primarily in Welsh at churches like Welsh Tract and translating key texts to prevent assimilation into English-dominated practices, though English services gradually prevailed by the mid-18th century. These efforts ensured the endurance of distinct Baptist customs in the face of colonial pluralism. [13] [2]

Later Years, Death, and Legacy

Final Activities and Death

In the early 1720s, Abel Morgan persisted in his pastoral responsibilities at the Pennepek Baptist Church near Philadelphia, where he had served since 1712, while also undertaking itinerant preaching and contributing to the expansion of Baptist congregations in Pennsylvania and New Jersey. [2] His activities included regular ministry at churches such as Hopewell and Montgomery, as well as promoting Calvinistic doctrines, church discipline, and the preservation of Welsh Baptist traditions through translations and educational efforts. [2] Notably, Morgan translated key confessional documents, including a Welsh version of the Century Confession adapted from the 1689 Second London Confession, which influenced the Philadelphia Baptist Association's later standards. [2]

During the 1722 meeting of the Philadelphia Baptist Association, Morgan actively supported initiatives to identify promising young individuals for ministerial training, recommending them to an academy funded by London Baptist merchant Thomas Hollis to bolster future leadership among American Baptists. [2] This reflected his ongoing commitment to organizational development and education within the denomination, though it did not lead to immediate institutional outcomes. [2]

Abel Morgan died on December 16, 1722, in Philadelphia at the age of 49. [1] [2] He was originally buried at the Pennepack Baptist Church Cemetery, but his remains were reinterred in 1768 at the First Baptist Church burial ground in Philadelphia and then moved in 1860 to the First Baptist Church plot at Mount Moriah Cemetery. [12] Following his death, several of his unpublished works, including a Welsh Bible concordance titled Cydgordiad Egwyddorawl o'r Scrythurau , were edited and published posthumously by his brother Enoch Morgan in 1730, ensuring the continuation of his theological influence. [2] [14]

Family and Personal Life

Abel Morgan married his first wife, Priscilla Powell, in Wales sometime before 1711; together they had two children, a daughter named Jane and an unnamed son. [2] [15] The family emigrated from Wales to Pennsylvania in September 1711 aboard a ship from Bristol, enduring severe storms and delays that extended the voyage to twenty-two weeks, during which Priscilla and their infant son perished at sea, leaving Jane to arrive with her father in Philadelphia on February 14, 1712. [2] [4]

In America, Morgan remarried twice: first to Martha Burrows in 1714, who died less than a year later without issue, and then to the widow Judith Gooding Griffith on March 7, 1717, with whom he fathered four children—Rachel, Abel Jr., Samuel, and Enoch—resulting in at least five surviving offspring overall when including Jane. [2] [9] [16] Child-rearing in the colonial Welsh settlements of Pennsylvania proved challenging amid harsh frontier conditions, religious community pressures, and the need to balance ministerial duties with family needs, yet Morgan integrated his household into Baptist life. [2]

Morgan was proficient in both Welsh and English, preaching and writing in Welsh to preserve his cultural and religious heritage among immigrants while adapting to English-speaking contexts in America. [2] His devotion to family-integrated worship was evident in his translation of the Westminster Shorter Catechism into Welsh, which included specific admonitions for parents to catechize their children at home, emphasizing religious instruction as a familial duty. [2] He briefly mentored his son, Abel Morgan Jr., who later became a prominent Baptist pastor. [2]

Legacy

Morgan's legacy includes his foundational role in American Baptist organization, evangelism, and confessional standards. Elements of the 1742 Philadelphia Confession were derived from his manuscripts, and his family's continued ministerial roles—such as those of his son Abel Jr. and other descendants—extended his influence across Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and beyond. His works preserved Welsh Baptist traditions and promoted Calvinistic ecclesiology among immigrants. [2]

Endnotes

  1. https://biography.wales/article/s-MORG-ABE-1673 ↩︎a ↩︎b ↩︎c ↩︎d ↩︎e ↩︎f ↩︎g ↩︎h ↩︎i ↩︎j ↩︎k ↩︎l ↩︎m ↩︎n ↩︎o ↩︎p ↩︎q ↩︎r ↩︎s ↩︎t ↩︎u ↩︎v
  2. https://baptisthistoryhomepage.com/morgan.abel.by.priest.html ↩︎a ↩︎b ↩︎c ↩︎d ↩︎e ↩︎f ↩︎g ↩︎h ↩︎i ↩︎j ↩︎k ↩︎l ↩︎m ↩︎n ↩︎o ↩︎p ↩︎q ↩︎r ↩︎s ↩︎t ↩︎u ↩︎v ↩︎w ↩︎x ↩︎y ↩︎z ↩︎aa ↩︎ab ↩︎ac ↩︎ad ↩︎ae ↩︎af ↩︎ag ↩︎ah ↩︎ai ↩︎aj ↩︎ak ↩︎al ↩︎am ↩︎an ↩︎ao ↩︎ap ↩︎aq ↩︎ar ↩︎as ↩︎at ↩︎au ↩︎av ↩︎aw ↩︎ax ↩︎ay ↩︎az
  3. https://baptisthistoryhomepage.com/morgan.abel.appleton.enclo.html ↩︎a ↩︎b
  4. https://robertsongenealogy.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Abel-Morgan-Life-and-Family.pdf ↩︎a ↩︎b
  5. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20084561 ↩︎
  6. https://www.reformedreader.org/history/ivey/ch08.htm ↩︎
  7. https://www.nationalchurchestrust.org/church/llanwenarth-baptist-church-govilon ↩︎
  8. https://outoftheblueartifacts.com/blaenau-gwent-baptist-movement-and-chapel-ty-nest-llewellyn/ ↩︎
  9. https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Morgan-1170 ↩︎a ↩︎b
  10. http://enoch-morgan.blogspot.com/2016/01/ ↩︎a ↩︎b
  11. https://www.reformedreader.org/history/early.philadelphia.baptists.chapter4.htm ↩︎
  12. https://friendsofmountmoriahcemetery.org/about/notable-burials/14549/ ↩︎a ↩︎b
  13. https://dbts.edu/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/The-Abel-Morgans-Contribution-to-Baptist-Ecclesiology-Priest.pdf ↩︎a ↩︎b ↩︎c
  14. https://openlibrary.org/works/OL234903W/Cyd-gordiad_egwyddorawl_o%27r_Scrythurau ↩︎
  15. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15767641/abel-morgan ↩︎
  16. https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/LY2W-4M8/abel-morgan-1673-1722 ↩︎

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